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Acute rheumatic feverA delayed immune-mediated complication of group A streptococcal pharyngitis that inflames the joints, heart, skin and brain two to four weeks after the sore throat.
Anti-DNase B titerAn antibody titer against streptococcal deoxyribonuclease B, paired with the antistreptolysin O titer to show a preceding group A streptococcal infection in rheumatic fever.
Antistreptolysin O titerThe antibody titer to streptolysin O, used as laboratory evidence of a recent group A streptococcal infection and interpreted against age-specific upper limits.
Asherman syndromeScar bands or adhesions inside the uterine cavity that prevent the endometrium from responding, usually after curettage, causing amenorrhea.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasiaChronic lung disease of prematurity, in which an injured immature lung needs prolonged oxygen or ventilation; the 2001 NICHD definition grades it by oxygen need at 36 weeks postmenstrual age.

Chronic anterior uveitisChronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body at the front of the eye, often symptomless in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, so it is found on screening.
Cold stressHeat loss in a newborn that exceeds heat production, raising oxygen and glucose use; the WHO's 1997 guide classifies cold stress as an axillary temperature of 36.0 to 36.4 C.
Corrected ageThe age of a child born preterm, counted from the expected date of delivery at 40 weeks of gestation rather than from the birth date.
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromesA rare group of hereditary autoinflammatory diseases caused by NLRP3 gene variants, with recurring episodes of fever, rash and joint or eye inflammation.
Cystic periventricular leukomalaciaInjury to the white matter beside the ventricles in a preterm brain, leaving small cysts that appear on ultrasound days to weeks later.

Ductal stealThe escape of blood from the systemic circulation into the lower-pressure pulmonary circulation during diastole, which reduces the perfusion of organs such as the kidney and gut.

Early termA birth from 37 weeks 0 days through 38 weeks 6 days of gestation, earlier than full term, carrying more risk than birth at 39 to 40 weeks.
Early-onset sepsisSepsis in a newborn within the first 72 hours of life, with late-onset sepsis beginning at 72 hours; some definitions extend early onset to 7 days.
Enthesitis-related arthritisA category of the ILAR classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in which arthritis is accompanied by enthesitis, inflammation where a tendon or ligament attaches to bone.
Extremely low birth weightA birth weight of less than 1,000 grams, below the 1,500-gram threshold that defines very low birth weight.
Extremely pretermBirth before 28 completed weeks of gestation, the earliest preterm band, where mortality is highest and several organ systems fail together.

FMR1An X chromosome gene whose CGG repeat expansion past the premutation range causes fragile X syndrome while the premutation state damages ovarian follicles and causes POI.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrheaChronic anovulation from an energy deficit such as weight loss, excessive exercise or stress that slows hypothalamic GnRH output, without any organic cause.

Golden hourThe first hour after birth, a period in which the newborn must take over breathing, circulation, temperature control and metabolism from the placenta.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisA rare hyperinflammatory syndrome in which activated T cells and macrophages proliferate out of control and macrophages engulf blood cells.
Hypergonadotropic amenorrheaAmenorrhea with high FSH and LH because an ovarian cause stops estrogen production, removing the negative feedback that keeps gonadotropins down.

Late pretermBirth from 34 weeks to 36 weeks and 6 days of gestation; such infants look near term but have more feeding, breathing and metabolic problems than term infants.
Late-onset sepsisSepsis in a newborn that begins after 72 hours of life, usually hospital-acquired and separating it from early-onset infection; some definitions count from the end of the first week.

Necrotizing enterocolitisAn acute inflammatory disease in which the immature bowel wall becomes injured and necrotic, most often in the terminal ileum and proximal colon.

Postmenstrual ageA maturity measure in completed weeks, the gestational age at birth plus the weeks since birth, tracking the age the fetus would have reached in the womb.
Progestin challengeWithdrawal bleeding after a course of progestin shows an estrogenized endometrium and points to anovulation, while no bleeding suggests low estrogen or an outflow-tract problem.

QuotidianA fever that spikes once or twice each day to a high value and returns towards normal in between, the classic pattern of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Retinopathy of prematurityA disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels in infants born before the retinal vessel network is complete, which can progress to retinal detachment and blindness.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritisThe category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in which fever and inflammation outside the joints dominate the joint disease, most often resembling an infection.

Term-equivalent ageThe age at which an infant born preterm reaches the postmenstrual age of a term birth, commonly about 40 weeks, at which assessments such as brain imaging are timed.
TNF receptor-associated periodic syndromeA rare, dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease caused by TNFRSF1A mutations, with recurrent fever episodes lasting about three weeks, spreading rash and severe muscle pain.
Treat-to-targetA treatment strategy in which a defined target, usually clinically inactive disease, is set and treatment is reviewed and escalated at fixed intervals until it is met.

Ventricular indexA coronal cranial ultrasound measurement: how far the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle extends from the midline, used to track post-hemorrhagic dilatation.
Very pretermA preterm birth from 28 completed weeks to under 32 weeks of gestation, the band the World Health Organization defines between extremely preterm and moderate to late preterm.

17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiencyA rare recessive congenital adrenal hyperplasia in which CYP17A1 mutations block cortisol and sex steroid synthesis, causing hypertension, hypokalemia and absent puberty.